References

Full bibliographic details for the author-year citations used throughout the verification corpus pages (Slide2, Slide2 groundwater, RS2, SLOPE/W, FE seepage and SSRM). The corpus pages cite works in author-year form in their prose and Sources: lines; this page collects the matching references, alphabetical by first author.

Where a citation could be resolved against the primary source (a paper on file, a publisher record, or a vendor manual), the entry gives the full title, journal/volume/pages and DOI. A handful of older, vendor, or conference-proceedings items could not be fully verified against a primary source; those give the most complete form available and are flagged (not fully verified) rather than padded with an invented DOI or page range.

Vendor verification manuals are listed under the publishing organization (GEO-SLOPE/Seequent, Rocscience, SoilVision/Bentley, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers).

Arai, K. & Tagyo, K. (1985). Determination of noncircular slip surface giving the minimum factor of safety in slope stability analysis. Soils and Foundations 25(1), 43–51. doi:10.3208/sandf1972.25.43
Baker, R. (1980). Determination of the critical slip surface in slope stability computations. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4(4), 333–359. doi:10.1002/nag.1610040405
Baker, R. (1993). Three-stage (dry / steady-seepage / rapid-drawdown) dam stability validation, as cited in the Slide2 verification manual §46. (Primary source not fully verified — title and venue unconfirmed from available materials.)
Baker, R. (2003). Inter-relations between experimental and computational aspects of slope stability analysis. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 27(5), 379–401. doi:10.1002/nag.277
Baker, R. & Leshchinsky, D. (2001). Spatial distribution of safety factors. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 127(2), 135–145. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:2(135). (The Slide2 manual §43 cites this work as both "Baker (2001)" and "Baker & Leshchinsky (2001)".)
Bear, J. (1972). Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media. American Elsevier, New York.
Biedenharn, D.S. & Tracy, F.T. (1987). Finite Element Method Package for Solving Steady-State Seepage Problems (SEEP2D). U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Bishop, A.W. & Morgenstern, N. (1960). Stability coefficients for earth slopes. Géotechnique 10(4), 129–150. doi:10.1680/geot.1960.10.4.129
Borges, J.L. & Cardoso, A.S. (2002). Overall stability of geosynthetic-reinforced embankments on soft soils. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 20(6), 395–421. doi:10.1016/S0266-1144(02)00014-6
Bowles, J.E. (1996). Foundation Analysis and Design, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York. (Source of the "Bowles' homogeneous dam" flow-net example re-solved in the groundwater corpus.)
Cai, F. & Ugai, K. (2000). Numerical analysis of the stability of a slope reinforced with piles. Soils and Foundations 40(1), 73–84. doi:10.3208/sandf.40.73
California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). SNAIL / SNAILZ Program for Soil-Nailed Wall Analysis — Reference Manual. Caltrans, Sacramento. (Not fully verified — edition/year unconfirmed.)
Cao et al. (2016). Case study of a Vancouver gabion-wall failure, as cited in the Slide2 verification manual §107–108. (Primary source not fully verified — likely a Canadian geotechnical conference paper.)
Chapuis, R.P., Chenaf, D., Bussière, B., Aubertin, M. & Crespo, R. (2001). A user's approach to assess numerical codes for saturated and unsaturated seepage conditions. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 38(5), 1113–1126. doi:10.1139/t01-055. (Cited in the groundwater corpus as "Chapuis, Chenaf & Bowles" / "Chapuis et al. (2001)".)
Charles, J.A. & Soares, M.M. (1984). The stability of slopes in soils with nonlinear failure envelopes. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 21(3), 397–406. doi:10.1139/t84-044
Chen, Z. & Shao, C. (1988). Evaluation of minimum factor of safety in slope stability analysis. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 25(4), 735–748. doi:10.1139/t88-084
Cheng, Y.M., Lansivaara, T. & Wei, W.B. (2007). Two-dimensional slope stability analysis by limit equilibrium and strength reduction methods. Computers and Geotechnics 34(3), 137–150. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2006.10.011
Chowdhury, R.N. & Xu, D.W. (1995). Geotechnical system reliability of slopes. Reliability Engineering & System Safety 47(3), 141–151. doi:10.1016/0951-8320(94)00063-T
Clement, T.P., Wise, W.R., Molz, F.J. & Wen, M. (1996). A comparison of modeling approaches for steady-state unconfined flow. Journal of Hydrology 181(1–4), 189–209. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(95)02904-4
Craig, R.F. (1997). Soil Mechanics, 6th ed. E & FN Spon (Chapman & Hall), London.
Dawson, E.M., Roth, W.H. & Drescher, A. (1999). Slope stability analysis by strength reduction. Géotechnique 49(6), 835–840. doi:10.1680/geot.1999.49.6.835
Donald, I.B. & Giam, P. (1989). Soil Slope Stability Programs Review. ACADS Publication U255, Association for Computer Aided Design, Melbourne. (The ACADS benchmark suite; also cited as "Giam & Donald (1989)".)
Duncan, J.M. (2000). Factors of safety and reliability in geotechnical engineering. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 126(4), 307–316. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:4(307)
Duncan, J.M. & Wright, S.G. (2005). Soil Strength and Slope Stability. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
Duncan, J.M., Wright, S.G. & Brandon, T.L. (2014). Soil Strength and Slope Stability, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
Duncan, J.M., Wright, S.G. & Wong, K.S. (1990). Slope stability during rapid drawdown. In Proc. H. Bolton Seed Memorial Symposium, Vol. 2, 253–272. BiTech, Vancouver.
El-Ramly, H., Morgenstern, N.R. & Cruden, D.M. (2003). Probabilistic stability analysis of a tailings dyke on presheared clay-shale. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 40(1), 192–208. doi:10.1139/t02-095
Fredlund, D.G. & Krahn, J. (1977). Comparison of slope stability methods of analysis. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 14(3), 429–439. doi:10.1139/t77-045
Fredlund, D.G. & Rahardjo, H. (1993). Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Gardner, W.R. (1958). Some steady-state solutions of the unsaturated moisture flow equation with application to evaporation from a water table. Soil Science 85(4), 228–232. doi:10.1097/00010694-195804000-00006
GEO-SLOPE / Seequent (2022). Stability Modeling with GeoStudio — SLOPE/W Verification Manual (Oct 2022 / 2025.2 ed.). Seequent, Calgary. https://files.seequent.com/GeoStudio/Manuals/Slope%20Stability%20Verification%20Manual.pdf
Giam, P.S.K. & Donald, I.B. (1992). Determination of critical slip surfaces for slopes via stress-strain calculations. In Proc. 6th Australia–New Zealand Conf. on Geomechanics, Christchurch, 461–465. (Pages not fully verified.)
Görög, P. & Török, Á. (2007). Slope stability assessment of a three-layered slope (Budapest) with a weak "waste" band. (Best match: Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7, 417–422; exact match to the RS2 manual citation not fully verified.) doi:10.5194/nhess-7-417-2007
Greco, V.R. (1996). Efficient Monte Carlo technique for locating critical slip surface. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 122(7), 517–525. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:7(517)
Griffiths, D.V. & Lane, P.A. (1999). Slope stability analysis by finite elements. Géotechnique 49(3), 387–403. doi:10.1680/geot.1999.49.3.387
Grodecki, M. (2017). Equivalent-cohesion model for gabion-mesh strength, as cited in the Slide2 verification manual §107. (Primary source not fully verified.)
Gureghian, A.B. (1981). A two-dimensional finite-element solution scheme for the saturated-unsaturated flow with applications to flow through ditch-drained soils. Journal of Hydrology 50, 333–353. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(81)90077-9
Hammah, R.E., Yacoub, T.E., Corkum, B.C. & Curran, J.H. (2005a). A comparison of finite element slope stability analysis with conventional limit-equilibrium investigation. In Proc. 58th Canadian Geotechnical and 6th Joint IAH-CNC/CGS Groundwater Specialty Conf. (GeoSask 2005), Saskatoon.
Hammah, R.E., Yacoub, T.E. & Corkum, B.C. (2005b). The shear strength reduction method for the generalized Hoek-Brown criterion. In Proc. 40th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (Alaska Rocks 2005), ARMA/USRMS 05-810.
Harr, M.E. (1962). Groundwater and Seepage. McGraw-Hill, New York. (Reprinted by Dover, 1990; cited in the groundwater corpus as "Harr 1990".)
Hassan, A.M. & Wolff, T.F. (1999). Search algorithm for minimum reliability index of earth slopes. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 125(4), 301–308. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:4(301)
Huang, M. & Jia, C.-Q. (2009). Strength reduction FEM in stability analysis of soil slopes subjected to transient unsaturated seepage. Computers and Geotechnics 36(1–2), 93–101. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.03.006. (Cited as "Huang & Jia (2008)" in the Slide2 and RS2 manuals.)
Ireland, H.O. (1954). Stability analysis of the Congress Street open cut in Chicago. Géotechnique 4(4), 163–168. doi:10.1680/geot.1954.4.4.163
Ito, T. & Matsui, T. (1975). Methods to estimate lateral force acting on stabilizing piles. Soils and Foundations 15(4), 43–59. doi:10.3208/sandf1972.15.4_43
Jiang, J.-C., Baker, R. & Yamagami, T. (2003). The effect of strength envelope nonlinearity on slope stability computations. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 40(2), 308–325. doi:10.1139/t02-111. (Cited in the corpus as "Jiang, Baker & Yamagami (2003)", "Baker & Yamagami (2003)" and, for VP41, "Jiang/Baker 2003".)
Kim, J., Salgado, R. & Lee, J. (2002). Stability analysis of complex soil slopes using limit analysis. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 128(7), 546–557. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:7(546)
Leshchinsky, D. & Han, J. (2004). Geosynthetic reinforced multitiered walls. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 130(12), 1225–1235. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:12(1225)
Li, K.S. & Lumb, P. (1987). Probabilistic design of slopes. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 24(4), 520–535. doi:10.1139/t87-068
Li, A.J., Merifield, R.S. & Lyamin, A.V. (2008). Stability charts for rock slopes based on the Hoek–Brown failure criterion. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 45(5), 689–700. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.08.010
Loukidis, D., Bandini, P. & Salgado, R. (2003). Stability of seismically loaded slopes using limit analysis. Géotechnique 53(5), 463–479. doi:10.1680/geot.2003.53.5.463
Low, B.K. (1989). Stability analysis of embankments on soft ground. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 115(2), 211–227. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:2(211)
Malkawi, A.I.H., Hassan, W.F. & Sarma, S.K. (2001). Global search method for locating general slip surface using Monte Carlo techniques. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 127(8), 688–698. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:8(688)
Morgenstern, N.R. (1963). Stability charts for earth slopes during rapid drawdown. Géotechnique 13(2), 121–131. doi:10.1680/geot.1963.13.2.121
Nakamura, A., Cai, F. & Ugai, K. (2008). Embankment basal stability analysis using shear strength reduction finite element method. In Landslides and Engineered Slopes (Proc. 10th Int. Symp. on Landslides), Taylor & Francis, p. 851. doi:10.1201/9780203885284-c107. (End page not fully verified.)
Ng, C.W.W. & Shi, Q. (1998). A numerical investigation of the stability of unsaturated soil slopes subjected to transient seepage. Computers and Geotechnics 22(1), 1–28. doi:10.1016/S0266-352X(97)00036-0.
Perry, J. (1994). A technique for defining non-linear shear strength envelopes, and their incorporation in a slope stability method of analysis. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 27(3), 231–241. doi:10.1144/GSL.QJEGH.1994.027.P3.04. (Cited as "Perry (1993)" in the Slide2 and RS2 manuals.)
Pilot, G., Trak, B. & La Rochelle, P. (1982). Effective stress analysis of the stability of embankments on soft soils (Saint-Alban test embankment). Canadian Geotechnical Journal 19(4), 433–450. doi:10.1139/t82-048. (Author list/pages not fully verified.)
Pockoski, M. & Duncan, J.M. (2000). Comparison of Computer Programs for Analysis of Reinforced Slopes. Center for Geotechnical Practice and Research (CGPR), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA.
Polubarinova-Kochina, P.Ya. (1962). Theory of Ground Water Movement (trans. R.J.M. De Wiest). Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Prandtl, L. (1921). Über die Eindringungsfestigkeit (Härte) plastischer Baustoffe und die Festigkeit von Schneiden. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 1(1), 15–20. doi:10.1002/zamm.19210010102. (Source of the bearing-capacity mechanism N_c = 2 + π used in the Prandtl benchmarks VP25/VP26 and SLOPE/W §2.15–2.16.)
Priest, S.D. (1993). Discontinuity Analysis for Rock Engineering. Chapman & Hall, London.
Pruska, J. (2003). Comparison of finite-element and limit-equilibrium slope stability for homogeneous slopes (Z_Soil / PLAXIS / GEO FEM), as cited in the RS2 verification manual. (Primary source not fully verified.)
Rocscience Inc. Slide2 Slope Stability Verification Manual. https://www.rocscience.com/help/slide2/verification-theory/verification-manuals
Rocscience Inc. Slide2 Groundwater Verification Manual (2022). https://www.rocscience.com/help/slide2/verification-theory/verification-manuals
Rocscience Inc. RS2 Slope Stability Verification Manual, Parts I–IV. https://www.rocscience.com/help/rs2/verification-theory/verification-manuals
Rulon, J.J. & Freeze, R.A. (1985). The development of multiple seepage faces on layered slopes. Water Resources Research 21(11), 1625–1636. doi:10.1029/WR021i011p01625. (Companion: Multiple seepage faces on layered slopes and their implications for slope-stability analysis, Canadian Geotechnical Journal 22(3), 347–356.)
Sharma, S. (1996). XSTABL: An Integrated Slope Stability Analysis Program for Personal Computers — Reference Manual, Version 5. Interactive Software Designs, Moscow, ID. (Edition details not fully verified.)
Sheahan, T.C. & Ho, C.L. (2003). Simplified trial wedge method for soil nailed wall analysis. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 129(2), 117–124. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:2(117)
Skempton, A.W. & La Rochelle, P. (1965). The Bradwell slip: a short-term failure in London Clay. Géotechnique 15(3), 221–242. doi:10.1680/geot.1965.15.3.221
Smith, I. (2006). Smith's Elements of Soil Mechanics, 8th ed. Blackwell, Oxford. (Edition/year not fully verified.)
Smith, I.M. & Griffiths, D.V. (1998). Programming the Finite Element Method, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
SoilVision Systems / Bentley (2019). SVSLOPE Verification Manual.
SoilVision Systems / Bentley (2019). SVFLUX Verification Manual.
Spencer, E. (1967). A method of analysis of the stability of embankments assuming parallel inter-slice forces. Géotechnique 17(1), 11–26. doi:10.1680/geot.1967.17.1.11
Spencer, E. (1969). Circular and logarithmic spiral slip surfaces. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE 95(SM1), 227–234. doi:10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001219
Sun, C. et al. (2021). Displacement-catastrophe criterion for strength-reduction finite-element slope stability analysis. (Venue not fully verified.)
Tandjiria, V., Low, B.K. & Teh, C.I. (2002). Effect of reinforcement force distribution on stability of embankments. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 20(6), 423–443. doi:10.1016/S0266-1144(02)00015-8. (Cited in the corpus as "Tandjiria (2002)".)
Teoman, M.B., Topal, T. & Işık, N.S. (2004). Assessment of slope stability along a proposed highway (Ankara clay, E90). Environmental Geology 45, 963–977. doi:10.1007/s00254-003-0954-3. (Cited in the RS2 manual as "Topal & Isik (2004)".)
Tracy, F.T. SEEP2D (steady-state finite-element seepage program). U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Tzenkov, A. (2008). Stability analysis of the Padina tailings dam, as cited in the RS2 verification manual §65. (Primary source not fully verified.)
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (2003). Slope Stability. Engineer Manual EM 1110-2-1902. USACE, Washington, DC. https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-2-1902.pdf
Wolff, T.F. & Harr, M.E. (1987). Slope design for earth dams (Clarence Cannon Dam reliability example). In Reliability and Risk Analysis in Civil Engineering (Proc. ICASP5), Vol. 2, 725–732. (Not fully verified.)
Yamagami, T. (2000). Micro-pile stabilized slope benchmark, as cited in the Slide2 verification manual §54 and SLOPE/W §2.34. (Primary source not fully verified.)
Yamagami, T. & Ueta, Y. (1988). Search for noncircular slip surfaces by the Morgenstern-Price method. In Numerical Methods in Geomechanics (Innsbruck), Balkema, 1335–1340. doi:10.1201/9781003763291-97. (Pages not fully verified.)
Zhang et al. (2001). Seepage through a homogeneous earth dam with a Gardner unsaturated-permeability function (compared to ABAQUS), as cited in the Slide2 groundwater manual. (Primary source not fully verified.)
Zhu, D.Y. & Lee, C.F. (2002). Explicit limit equilibrium solution for slope stability. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 26(15), 1573–1590. doi:10.1002/nag.260
Zhu, D.Y., Lee, C.F. & Jiang, H.D. (2003). Generalised framework of limit equilibrium methods for slope stability analysis. Géotechnique 53(4), 377–395. doi:10.1680/geot.2003.53.4.377. (Cited in the corpus as "Zhu (2003)", "Lee & Jiang (2003)" and "Zhu, Lee & Jiang (2003)".)